![]() ![]() For instance, the ability to inhibit the inflammatory transcription factors nuclear factor (NF)-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, mammalian DNA polymerases, and certain protein tyrosine kinases is unique to tocotrienols. Evidence now suggests that tocotrienols have potentially greater physiologic functions than tocopherols do (Ahmad et al. 1986) and anticancer effects were described (Kato et al. Tocotrienol derivatives did not attract much attention from researchers until the late 1980s, when their cholesterol-lowering potential (Qureshi et al. 1).Ĭhemical structure and natural sources of tocotrienols. Depending on the number and position of methyl substitutions on the chromanol ring, tocotrienol, and tocopherol are further classified into α, β, γ, and δ isoforms (Fig. But whereas tocopherol has a saturated phytyl tail, tocotrienol possesses an unsaturated isoprenoid side chain (Fig. Tocotrienol and tocopherol, which are fat soluble, are structurally similar in that they have a common chromanol ring and a side chain at the C-2 position. Other natural sources of tocotrienol are rye, amaranth, walnut, hazelnut, poppy, safflower, maize, and the seeds of flax, grape, and pumpkin. The richest sources of tocotrienol specifically are the rice bran, palm, and annatto oils, for which the ratio of tocopherol to tocotrienol is 50:50 25:75, and 0.1:99.9, respectively (Tan, ). Vitamin E is present in most edible oils extracted from wheat, rice bran, barley, oat, coconut, and palm. Therefore, consumption of vitamin E–enriched foods may reduce the incidence of these two diseases. #MAGIC TRAIL CROSS TRIAL COLON CNACER FREE#Antioxidants are generally believed to inhibit the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer by neutralizing free radical damage (Meydani 1995). Vitamin E, which exhibits antioxidant properties, is a generic term that represents derivatives of tocopherol and tocotrienol (Kamal-Eldin and Appelqvist 1996). This review summarizes data from in vitro and in vivo studies of the effects of tocotrienol on nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, death receptors, apoptosis, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1, growth factor receptor kinases, and angiogenic pathways. One among these is tocotrienol, a member of the vitamin E family, which has exhibited anticancer properties. “Mother Nature” produces numerous such compounds that regulate multiple cell signaling pathways, are cost effective, exhibit low toxicity, and are readily available. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and effective promiscuous (multitargeted) drugs. Moreover, targeted drugs can cause serious and even life-threatening side effects. For that reason, rationally designed drugs that target a single gene product are unlikely to be of use in preventing or treating cancer. Tumor cells acquire these properties due to the dysregulation of multiple genes and associated cell signaling pathways, most of which are linked to inflammation. Cancer cells are distinguished by several distinct characteristics, such as self-sufficiency in growth signal, resistance to growth inhibition, limitless replicative potential, evasion of apoptosis, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. ![]()
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